Adjective-Forming Suffixes
Adjective-forming suffixes are added to nouns and verbs to create adjectives that describe qualities, characteristics, or conditions. Here are some of the most common suffixes with explanations and examples.
1. -able / -ible (Capable of, Worthy of)
This suffix is used to form adjectives from verbs, indicating that something can be done.
Root Word (Verb/Noun) | Adjective | Meaning (Burmese) |
---|---|---|
accept | acceptable | လက်ခံနိုင်သော |
believe | believable | ယုံနိုင်သော |
break | breakable | ကျိုးနိုင်သော |
depend | dependable | အားထားနိုင်သော |
eat | edible | စားနိုင်သော |
enjoy | enjoyable | ပျော်စရာကောင်းသော |
flex | flexible | ယိမ်းနိုင်သော |
access | accessible | ဝင်ရောက်နိုင်သော |
response | responsible | တာဝန်ယူနိုင်သော |
convert | convertible | ပြောင်းလဲနိုင်သော |
Note:
- "-able" is more common and is usually used when the root word is complete (e.g., "enjoy" → "enjoyable").
- "-ible" is used when the root word is Latin-based or cannot stand alone (e.g., "convert" → "convertible").
2. -al (Related to, Pertaining to)
This suffix is used to form adjectives that describe something related to a noun.
Root Word (Noun) | Adjective | Meaning (Burmese) |
---|---|---|
accident | accidental | တမင်မမှန်သော |
environment | environmental | ပတ်ဝန်းကျင်ဆိုင်ရာ |
industry | industrial | စက်မှုဆိုင်ရာ |
nature | natural | သဘာဝဆန်သော |
politics | political | နိုင်ငံရေးဆိုင်ရာ |
universe | universal | စကြဝဠာဆိုင်ရာ |
3. -ful (Full of, Having)
This suffix means "having a lot of" the quality of the noun.
Root Word (Noun) | Adjective | Meaning (Burmese) |
---|---|---|
beauty | beautiful | လှပသော |
care | careful | သတိထားသော |
power | powerful | အားရှိသော |
joy | joyful | ဝမ်းမြောက်သော |
success | successful | အောင်မြင်သော |
wonder | wonderful | အံ့ဩစရာကောင်းသော |
Opposite Suffix:
- The opposite of "-ful" is often "-less" (e.g., "careful" → "careless").
4. -less (Without, Lacking)
This suffix gives a negative meaning, indicating the absence of something.
Root Word (Noun) | Adjective | Meaning (Burmese) |
---|---|---|
care | careless | သတိမထားသော |
help | helpless | အကူအညီမရှိသော |
use | useless | အသုံးမဝင်သော |
home | homeless | အိမ်မဲ့သော |
hope | hopeless | မျှော်လင့်စရာမရှိသော |
worth | worthless | တန်ဖိုးမရှိသော |
5. -ic (Related to, Characterized by)
This suffix is commonly used for adjectives that relate to a subject, field, or characteristic.
Root Word (Noun) | Adjective | Meaning (Burmese) |
---|---|---|
artist | artistic | အနုပညာဆန်သော |
hero | heroic | သူရဲကောင်းဆန်သော |
energy | energetic | စွမ်းအားပြည့်သော |
history | historic | သမိုင်းဝင်သော |
athlete | athletic | အားကစားဆိုင်ရာ |
"-ic" vs. "-ical" Difference:
- "Historic" = important in history (e.g., historic event).
- "Historical" = related to history in general (e.g., historical records).
6. -ive (Tending to, Inclined to)
This suffix forms adjectives that describe actions or tendencies.
Root Word (Verb/Noun) | Adjective | Meaning (Burmese) |
---|---|---|
attract | attractive | ဆွဲဆောင်မှုရှိသော |
create | creative | ဖန်တီးနိုင်သော |
act | active | တက်ကြွသော |
talk | talkative | စကားများသော |
expense | expensive | ဈေးကြီးသော |
7. -ous (Full of, Characterized by)
This suffix is used to form adjectives that describe something as having a certain quality.
Root Word (Noun) | Adjective | Meaning (Burmese) |
---|---|---|
danger | dangerous | အန္တရာယ်ရှိသော |
fame | famous | နာမည်ကြီးသော |
mystery | mysterious | အထူးဆန်းသော |
courage | courageous | ရဲရဲတင်းတင်းရှိသော |
humor | humorous | ရယ်စရာကောင်းသော |
"-ous" vs. "-ful":
- "Dangerous" (full of danger) vs. "Beautiful" (full of beauty).
8. -ly (In a Certain Manner)
Though "-ly" is mainly used for adverbs, some adjectives also take this suffix.
Root Word (Noun) | Adjective | Meaning (Burmese) |
---|---|---|
friend | friendly | မိတ်ဆွေသဘောထားရှိသော |
time | timely | အချိန်မှန်သော |
mother | motherly | မိခင်ကဲ့သို့သော |
love | lovely | ချစ်စရာကောင်းသော |
coward | cowardly | ကြောက်လန့်သော |
9. -en (Made of, Become)
This suffix forms adjectives from nouns and verbs, indicating material or transformation.
Root Word (Noun/Verb) | Adjective | Meaning (Burmese) |
---|---|---|
wood | wooden | သစ်သားဖြင့်ပြုလုပ်သော |
gold | golden | ရွှေရောင်သော |
child | childen | ကလေးပုံစံရှိသော |
weak | weaken | အားနည်းသော |
10. -ish (Like, Similar to)
This suffix means "having the quality of" or "somewhat like."
Root Word (Noun) | Adjective | Meaning (Burmese) |
---|---|---|
child | childish | ကလေးလိုသော |
fool | foolish | မိုက်မဲသော |
self | selfish | ကိုယ်ကျိုးစီးပွားကျသော |
green | greenish | အစိမ်းရောင်ပျော့သော |
Summary Table of Suffixes
Suffix | Meaning | Example |
---|---|---|
-able/-ible | capable of | readable, visible |
-al | related to | natural, environmental |
-ful | full of | joyful, helpful |
-less | without | hopeless, careless |
-ic | related to | historic, artistic |
-ive | tendency to | active, creative |
-ous | full of | dangerous, famous |
-ly | characteristic of | friendly, cowardly |
-en | made of | golden, wooden |
-ish | like | childish, foolish |
Complete the sentences with the correct adjective-forming suffix
Choose the Correct Adjective
She gave me some ______________ advice.
a) useb) useful
c) useable
Correct Answer: useful
The ______________ event was attended by many politicians.
a) historyb) historic
c) historical
Correct Answer: historic
His voice was ______________ after talking for hours.
a) weakenb) weak
c) weakly
Correct Answer: weak
He has a ______________ attitude toward learning new things.
a) positiveb) positivity
c) positiveness
Correct Answer: positive
Her ______________ skills helped her win the contest.
a) artistb) artistry
c) artistic
Correct Answer: artistic
Complete the Table - Word Formation
Write the correct adjective form for each noun or verb.
Noun/Verb | Adjective | Correct Answer |
---|---|---|
comfort | comfortable | |
danger | dangerous | |
history | historical | |
energy | energetic | |
attract | attractive | |
enjoy | enjoyable | |
friend | friendly | |
fame | famous | |
fool | foolish | |
success | successful |
Sentence Completion - Use the Correct Adjective
Use the correct adjective form of the word in brackets to complete the sentences.